When I visited the home of Chris and Toddie Getman, owners of the 4-year-old Yale bulldog mascot, Handsome Dan, Toddie stood close watch as the dog noisily scarfed down his dinner, kibbles falling out of his mouth and onto the floor. She told me the same thing I heard from other bulldog lovers. Last year, she had 218. has refused to follow suit. I attended the latter of the two, which was sponsored by the Bulldog Club of America and held in the main ballroom of the Sheraton Hotel in Edison, N.J. 41 in 1973 to No. His modeling complete, the country’s most famous dog mascot appeared ready to nap again. The English bulldog is commonly simply dubbed a bulldog or sometimes a British bulldog. “They aren’t athletic or especially healthy,” she said. . ), which owns the copyright to the American standard, says it has no plans to follow suit. On the day of my visit to the clinic, I met two bulldog owners who were grateful they’d purchased insurance, including a young woman named Sherri Pickett, whose 14-month-old bulldog, Opie, had already been treated for meningitis, aspiration pneumonia, cherry eye and hip dysplasia. (The bulldog standard in America calls for a bulldog’s gait to be “unrestrained, free and vigorous” but concedes that the breed’s “style and carriage are peculiar.”) While I discounted several dogs for appearing overweight, the judge chose one of the larger bulldogs (Brix) as her winner and told me after the competition that she likes bulldogs to be “big and sturdy.”, What was clear to me while watching these bulldogs compete was that none could have succeeded at the breed’s original purpose. “The bulldog is unique for the sheer breadth of its health problems,” says Brian Adams, formerly the head of media-relations at M.S.P.C.A.-Angell Animal Medical Center in Boston. Nick Trout, a surgical specialist at Angell, told me during my visit that complicating the bulldog’s breathing-related problems is the “state of denial” of some bulldog owners. The American Bulldog is a large breed of utility dog descended from the Old English Bulldog. Broadcast on the BBC, “Exposed” spawned three independent reports into purebred breeding, each finding that some modern breeding practices — including inbreeding and breeding for “extreme traits,” like the massive and short-faced head of the bulldog — are detrimental to the health and welfare of dogs. La race du Bouledogue Américain n'a pas encore été reconnue par la Fédération Cynologique Internationale. But at the B.C.A. More bulldogs have died in flight than any other breed, and some airlines refuse to transport brachycephalic breeds. American Bulldog x Akita mix = Bullkita; “There are way too many people out there breeding bulldogs who don’t know what they’re doing and are trying to get rich off these dogs,” Sickle told me. Researchers found that bulldogs are the most likely to die from respiratory illness and the second-most likely to die from congenital disease. Chiots Pit Bull enregistrer UKC en vente (american pit bull terrier, belgique). Can the bulldog be redesigned? People go crazy when they see him.” People also try to kidnap him. . American bulldogs are gentle, affectionate dogs that loves children and can be considered a big lap dog. When the dog was done, Charles ordered us all back on the cart. Uga (pronounced UGH-uh) wore his trademark red Georgia jersey and spiked red leather collar, and he looked bored as an ESPN cameraman shoved a camera in his wrinkly, smooshed bulldog face. The car’s rear door was open, allowing fans a close-up look at the state’s most famous pooch. “Change this dog too much, and it won’t look like a bulldog anymore,” he told me on the sideline during the game against South Carolina. “I’ll see you next year for homecoming!”. “Because if you elongate the face, it becomes a different dog,” he said. “All right, let’s go,” he said, and before I knew it, we were speeding back toward Sanford Stadium, Uga VII’s droppings (Charles didn’t pick up after him) a reminder to all that the world’s most famous mascot was here — and that celebrity dogs, like their human counterparts, get to play by different rules. doesn’t recognize the Leavitt or the Old English bulldogge as breeds, and the B.C.A. Uga VII’s brother, Russ, served as a temporary mascot while Sonny Seiler decided on a replacement. Brooksville Florida, ABKC Bully Extravaganza, Pensacola Florida Bully Breed Expo II ABKC Show. But if anyone else tells me they want a bulldog, my immediate response is, ‘No, you don’t.’ ”, On the day of my visit, Sawchuk’s two bulldogs — Bulldozer, an 8-year-old male, and Vanna WhiteTrash, a 7-year-old female — were alternately sleeping and meandering around one of the veterinary clinic’s indoor dog runs. elevage de Bouledogue Américain /American Bulldog, lignée no 1 en europe, travail et beauté, prducteur de champions, chiots inscrits LOBA. . Six months later, while lounging at home, he died of heart failure. “They are more than happy to point out problems with other breeds, but many are incapable of seeing anything wrong with theirs,” he told me. When she was done, she put her phone back in her purse and hopped up and down with excitement. Hybrid American Bulldogs The Classic Bulldog is usually less guardy and can sometimes be lazy, but when mixed with the standard type can add size and bone which can be more suitable for a particular work function. (American bulldogs are strong, well-built dogs commonly mistaken for pit bulls.) The end result of all the compression is that many bulldogs can barely breathe.”, Dr. John Lewis, an assistant professor of dentistry and oral surgery at Ryan Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, says the human equivalent to breathing the way some bulldogs do “would be if we walked around with our mouth or nose closed and breathed through a straw.” Lewis says that bulldogs are synonymous with brachycephalic airway syndrome, which comprises a series of respiratory abnormalities affecting the throat, nose and mouth. A month later, he died. I nodded. “The American Kennel Club and its breed clubs have worked diligently to improve the health of dogs for decades in our country,” Lisa Peterson, an A.K.C. American Bulldogs are top picks for several dog sports such as weight pulling, obedience, and the Iron Dog competition. Though a number of breeds were discussed at the conference (including the Cavalier King Charles spaniel, which is beset with severe heart and neurological diseases), the bulldog stole the show. refutes this. Unlike his father, Uga VI, who was loud and boisterous and enjoyed chasing after the school’s costumed bulldog mascot, Hairy Dawg, Uga VII seemed most comfortable in the back corner of his doghouse — or, better yet, outside the stadium entirely. When I visited Sonny Seiler in Georgia, he took partial credit for the breed’s increased popularity. “Uga is a celebrity,” Seiler explained to me as he cracked open a beer. “But a dog can love its owner and be happy at times, but that doesn’t mean his life isn’t needlessly compromised. He was certainly more playful than his predecessor. registration statistics, the bulldog was the fifth-most popular dog in America between 1910 and 1920. As time went by the house felt empty even though we had our Boxer Lucie. American Bulldog. It is within this context that the bulldog underwent a physical, temperamental and public-relations transformation. When the sport was banned in England in 1835, the viciousness that had served the bulldog so well became a liability. “But the B.C.A. Des gladiateurs du … All of our Bullies are housed inside, and we make sure they live the happiest, healthiest lives … The fact is, if you study the history of true American Bulldogs, you'll find Bulldogs that look like Tom Seahorn's Bulldog of the 1920's in John D. Johnson's dogs as well. In his book “The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication,” Darwin wrote: “Some of the peculiarities characteristic of the several breeds of the dog have probably arisen suddenly, and, though strictly inherited, may be called monstrosities; for instance, the shape of the head and the under-hanging jaw in the bulldog. It was my first time at a bulldog show, and I had a hard time differentiating the champion dogs from the inexperienced newcomers — or the hopelessly outmatched. Many believe that the breed was crossed with the pug, creating a friendlier and more compact dog with a brachycephalic skull. Wayne Pacelle, the Humane Society C.E.O., told me that if the A.K.C. A peculiarity suddenly arising, and therefore in one sense deserving to be called a monstrosity, may however be increased and fixed by man’s selection.”, Many in England and the United States couldn’t get enough of the breed. A rendering, at right, of what a healthier breed of bulldog might look like, based on input from veterinarians: A) short snout made longer; B) skin folds reduced; C) body made leaner; D) tail elongated; E) hips widened. At the B.C.A. to know “what is best for the breed.”), While the British Kennel Club, in addition to changing its breed standards, has banned the registration of puppies from closely related parents, the A.K.C. A few months after the Humane Society conference, The Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published a study of breed-related causes of death in American dogs. Bull-Pug; Mini-Bulldog; Description. I tried shelters etc but I couldn't find an American Bulldog and that is what I am use to. The breed especially loves children, but can be suspicious, standoffish or occasionally friendly toward strangers. When I visited the Angell Animal Medical Center in Boston, Dr. William Rosenblad, a canine-tooth expert, pulled up a picture of a bulldog skull — with its severely undershot jaw — on his computer screen. Seiler is famously secretive about the Uga family line and doesn’t divulge any information about his breeder. Bulldogs get their name from their role in bull-baiting, arguably the most popular sport of the Elizabethan era. With the outlawing of the sport in England in 1835, the original type of Bulldog disappeared from Britain and was replaced with the less athletic dog we now know as the English Bulldog.Yet the original Bulldog was preserved by immigrants who brought their working dogs with them to the American South. “But couldn’t breeders have bred out the viciousness of bull-baiting dogs without also drastically changing the physique of the breed?” I asked. “He’s healthy, and he has all the attributes we look for in a Georgia mascot.”. When she opened the doors to her rescue organization in 1999, Richin had 13 bulldogs that needed homes. But because they have been generated by anthropomorphic selection, their handicaps are not only overlooked but even, in some quarters, applauded.”, Serpell told me that those handicaps can be easily masked by an outgoing, playful personality. “They also have no idea how to differentiate a ‘responsible’ breeder from an irresponsible one.”, I heard the same thing from Laurette Richin of the Long Island Bulldog Rescue. According to A.K.C. “Oh, my God, we have to take a picture,” she squealed, fumbling through her purse for her cellphone. Though there is no recent comprehensive study in this country comparing the life spans of different breeds, a 2010 British study published in The Journal of Small Animal Practice reported that the typical bulldog lives only slightly longer than six years. They don’t complain. Her boyfriend rolled his eyes, saying he didn’t really want to watch the dog defecate. Last spring, the Humane Society organized its first conference on the topic of purebred-dog health and welfare. 4.3 out of 5 stars 46. By the mid-1800s, there were more than 1.3 million dogs registered in England. History: The American Bulldog originated in England, and it is a descendent of the Old English Bulldog, which was brought to North America by working class immigrants.Once introduced to America, the American Bulldog … He has a round, droopy face and wide, slumping shoulders, and his courtroom antics are often described in words associated with bulldogs: Georgia Magazine said he possessed a “barrel-chested bravura,” while John Berendt wrote that Seiler “thunders and growls” in his best-selling nonfiction book, “Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil,” in which Seiler defended a wealthy antiques dealer charged with the murder of a young hustler. include the pug, the Pekingese and the Boston terrier.). “Bulldogs could be as outbred as mongrel dogs in the streets of Calcutta, but if they keep that phenotype, they are not going very far.”, Many critics of bulldog breeding practices say that some of the bulldog’s health problems could be alleviated simply by changing the breed standard. Most can’t give birth on their own — their heads are too big. “Their cute, fat faces and bodies.”. At Westminster, a breeder from Mexico even conceded that bulldogs would “probably be healthier” with a longer snout. (Statistics released in 2010 by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals revealed that bulldogs have the highest rate of hip dysplasia of any breed.). Though the second bulldog to hold the Marine Corps mascot honor died of heat exhaustion, the breed was still hailed as strong and heroic. spokeswoman, said. Find large American Bulldog puppies and dogs from a breeder near you. . “Most can’t have sex without help — they’re too short and stocky. But the joke gets old fast, because many of these dogs are suffering.”. The Miniature Bulldog is not a purebred dog. Canine Health Foundation, as well as to their collaboration with the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals to measure the diameters of tracheae in bulldogs in order to combat bracycephalic airway syndrome. Sears did some research and eventually reached out to David Leavitt, who began developing the Old English bulldogge breed in 1971. In the second half of the 19th century, the famed British dog dealer Bill George, who had worked at a kennel that bred dogs for bull-baiting, turned his attention to breeding and promoting the bulldog as a pleasant household pet and stylish purebred companion. “It’s almost like they are blinded by their love for their dogs.”. His vet told him to look into a breed called the Old English bulldogge. “Then, when the dog ends up being too ‘needy’ or too expensive, people give them up.”. Ces alignements de « 0 » dans le monde digital sont synonymes de beaucoup de « 0 » dans le monde réel. (A number of universities soon followed suit, and some — including Georgia, Yale (which made the bulldog its mascot in 1889), Butler and Georgetown — still have live bulldog mascots that attend sporting and cultural events on campus.) Mom was an American Bulldog and dad was an English Bulldog. Minimal grooming and care are required for the American bulldog’s short, fine coat, but they do shed year-round. “There is little doubt that the anatomy of the English bulldog has considerable capacity to cause suffering,” Dr. Nicola Rooney and Dr. David Sargan concluded in one of the reports, “Pedigree Dog Breeding in the U.K.: A Major Welfare Concern?” “The breed is noted to have locomotion difficulties, breathing problems, an inability to mate or give birth without assistance. This is your Instagram Slideshow. The American Bulldog is a medium to large dog, standing between 20 and 28 inches tall and maxing out around 120 pounds but usually averaging somewhere closer to 90. For the upper-middle class, owning a mixed breed was not an option. Exercising Your American Bulldog Give your American Bulldog regular, daily exercise. That may be because, despite their health problems, bulldogs have skyrocketed up the A.K.C.’s most popular breed list, from No. While other breeds practically prance across the show ring, heads held high in a seemingly conscious display of their rarefied status, the waddling bulldog serves as a kind of unintentional comic relief. That could lead to aspiration pneumonia, a serious condition in which vomit — or particles of food — are inhaled back into the dog’s airway. Voir plus d'idées sur le thème bulldog anglais, bouledogue anglais, chiens et chiots. “But what if the bulldog’s cute, short face isn’t good for its health?” I asked. American bulldogs typically enjoy grooming, and weekly brushing will significantly help to manage shedding. “No responsible show breeders I know are happy that this breed is so in fashion right now. trusts the B.C.A. American Bulldog Bible And the American Bulldog: Your Perfect American Bulldog Guide Covers American Bulldog Puppies, Mini Bulldogs, American Bulldog Training, Johnson Bulldog, And More! International Shipping rates vary, so Please contact us for your Quote. Patrick Bateson, the author of one of the independent reports in Britain, told me that most breeders are well meaning — and that many are good at what they do. Last year’s best-of-breed bulldog winner was a relative newcomer — a 2-year-old, 57-pound white bulldog named Brix — who took the top honor despite nearly falling off a … Dog Group: Non-Sporting Size: 20-27 inches tall, 60-125 lbs Lifespan: 10-15 years Energy Level: Medium Coat: Short Shedding: Moderate Hypoallergenic: No. “We have, to some extent, accentuated physical characteristics of the breed to make it look more human, although essentially more like caricatures of humans, and specifically of children,” he told me. A spokeswoman for the American Kennel Club told me that it won’t pressure the Bulldog Club of America to reconsider its decision. Affectueux et loyal, il développe de bons rapports avec tous les membres de la famille. “As animal lovers, we obviously would not continue perpetuating suffering dogs,” Elizabeth Hugo Milam, a bulldog breeder who was formerly the head of the B.C.A.’s health committee, told me. “Is that the real Uga?” the young woman asked me. But he is shocked by the inability of some to look critically at their own breed. Paperback $15.97 $ 15. As a respected bulldog breeder conceded to me at the B.C.A. “This dog can swim — our previous bulldogs would get in the water and basically sink. Warrior American Bulldogs was announced as the 2014 ABRA Kennel of the Year and is the home of Dailey's Sparta who is the 2013 #1 and 2014 #2 top dog of the Year as well as DC's Camo Tank who was the 2013 #2 top dog of the year! Just as the dog began to squat, a couple in their early 20s walked by holding hands. Moses added that unlike other breeds, bulldogs don’t try to spit out the breathing tube after waking up from surgery. At the time of my visit, though, Seiler was less concerned with people trying to take Uga than he was with people trying to change him. “It is time for the university to put an end to the cycle of suffering endured by dogs who are brought into the world solely to represent the school’s ‘brand,’ ” Kristie Phelps, of PETA, said at the time. (Bulldogs are the most popular breed in Los Angeles.) That echoed something I heard from James Serpell, the director of the Center for the Interaction of Animals and Society at the University of Pennsylvania. “The main problem with this breed is its basic, fundamental design,” said Nancy Laste, a veterinary cardiologist who helped care for Uga V and VI when she was an intern at the University of Georgia in the early ’90s. “I like the short face,” she said. “With bulldogs that barely move enough air when they’re awake, anesthesia can be dangerous,” said Dr. Lisa Moses, Angell’s director of pain-medicine service. I asked Sawchuk what attracted her to a breed with so many health issues. En 2004, dans le cadre des manifestations programmées pour le centenaire de la disparition d'Auguste Bartholdi, la municipalité choisit de faire installer, à l'entrée nord de la ville, une réplique de la statue de La Liberté. Definitions English bulldog. That can make exercising, as well as sitting out in the sun for prolonged periods, dangerous. But Uga VIII wouldn’t last that long. Sawchuk and other vets say that it is possible to breed a healthy bulldog (“Bulldozer is proof of that,” she said), but she tells any new bulldog owner to get pet health insurance. “I should really have a punch card,” she said. Copyright © 2017 Dogwebz.com All Rights Reserved, WE SPECIALIZE IN XL AND XXL AMERICAN BULLIES. A breed that has trouble doing those two things is, by definition, in trouble.”. … It is a cross between the Bulldog and the Pug or the Olde Bulldog and the Pug.The best way to determine the temperament of a mixed breed is to look up all breeds in the cross and know you can get any combination of any of the characteristics found in any of the breeds in the hybrid. This … There is perhaps no dog that seems more out of place at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show than the bulldog. In general, they will only be seen with a flat face, but some of them may have a small muzzle as a result of poor breeding. They just kind of plod along, trying to make the best of things. The German Shepherd Dog. “I paid $2,500 for him from a reputable breeder,” she told me, adding that Opie’s vet bills have totaled more than $8,000. D) Uga VIII, 2010-11. But she took it a step further, arguing that the breed brings out a particularly strong parenting instinct in many people. “People who don’t know what they’re talking about like to claim that bulldogs aren’t healthy, but it’s just not true,” said Cody Sickle, a respected bulldog breeder whose dogs have won best of breed at Westminster 12 times. It is medium in size, but has an aggressive look. It had been nearly a year since the death of Uga VII. Bulldogs were noted in all three reports as a breed in need of an intervention, with one going so far as to question whether it is ethically defensible to continue breeding them at all. Not everyone was happy that Seiler planned to choose another live bulldog as the school’s mascot. The result, Leavitt told me, was an athletic breed that looks similar to the bulldogs of 1820 but also has a friendly temperament. They are generally represented as being strong and tough. (Other breeds with high rates of B.A.S. Bulldogs vying for best of breed at a show in Albuquerque. Of the four bulldogs Sawchuk has owned during the last decade, only Bulldozer has been in good health. Some of the more than 60 bulldogs in attendance appeared to move around the show ring better than others, which several show breeders confirmed to me was something that most judges value. show and at Westminster, just about every breeder described a lifelong love affair with bulldogs. Don't miss … The bulldog is just not a very healthy dog, and I don’t think that will change if we just keep breeding them with other bulldogs.”. A) Uga I, 1956-66. Bulldog information including personality, history, grooming, pictures, videos, and the AKC breed standard. In an e-mail sent to me by the B.C.A., the organization rejected the idea that the breed is in trouble. “Nobody would want those dogs today.”. In order to participate in these competitions, your Bulldog needs to be registered with a kennel club. Dogs cool themselves by breathing, so breeds like the bulldog overheat easily. American Bulldog vs. American Pit Bull Terrier: The AmBull and the Pit Bull are often confused as the same breed. Le site d’implantation retenu privilégie l’accès le plus "passant" possible vers le cœur de la cité. The bulldog might have disappeared into obscurity had 19th-century Victorian England not gone dog crazy. The bulldog has so many. The American Bulldog is a powerful, athletic short-coated dog, strongly muscled, and well boned. Not wanting to “bury a third bulldog in the backyard,” Sears said he asked his vet for advice. show. When Walt Disney created Bambi, the studio wanted the character to be an accurate depiction of a deer. Not that there was much to see. Then click on it and upload your banner. “Their flattened faces definitely make them look more human, and I think people probably respond to that in ways they aren’t aware of.”. “A typical breed will have one or two common problem areas. “It’s a defective and unworkable design.”. Flanked by two headset-wearing security guards, Uga VII lounged in his crate with his eyes closed, seemingly oblivious to the chaos around him. “They can’t see the forest through the trees. C) Uga V, 1990-99. “I’m also a vet, so I feel I can handle any problems that come up. Jemima Harrison, the director of “Pedigree Dogs Exposed,” told me it is possible to produce a healthier phenotype in most breeds pretty quickly (in three to four generations), because there is always some variation within a breed — for example, bulldogs with slightly longer muzzles or fewer wrinkles. “When he eats, I have to be ready to burp him, because sometimes he’ll take in too much food and air and throw up,” she said. NOTE: Any elements that you drag into the dashed area below will appear near the bottom of all your pages. General Appearance. The American Bulldog is an alert, friendly dog and very family oriented. Your puppy will not take weeks to arrive when you purchase with us. Find Bulldogs for Sale on Oodle Classifieds. “If breeders were willing to breed to dogs with fewer exaggerated characteristics and judges in the show ring began rewarding those dogs, change could happen,” she said. show in New Jersey, the breeders I spoke to denied that anything seriously ails the breed. “Inbreeding and other reckless breeding practices may not be as bloody as dogfighting or as painful to look at as puppy mills, but they may ultimately cause even more harm to the well-being of dogs,” he said. Élevage Doreval est un élevage professionnel de bouledogues anglais en milieu familial qui mise énormément sur la qualité et la beauté de ses chiens issus de lignées de champions. In January 2009, Adam Goldfarb of the Humane Society of the United States told The Augusta Chronicle that bulldogs, often referred to as English bulldogs, are the “poster child for breeding gone awry.” The article came in response to a scathing British documentary, “Pedigree Dogs Exposed,” that highlighted the health and welfare problems of purebred dogs and claimed that breeders and the Kennel Club (the British equivalent of the American Kennel Club) were in denial about the extent of the problem. dismisses them as “poor attempts by irresponsible breeders at trying to recreate a bull-baiting dog.” When I relayed the B.C.A.’s position to Sears, he shook his head. La statue de la Liberté colmarienne d’une hauteur de 12 mètres au flambeau, est réalisée en résine teintée dans la masse pour lui donner l’aspect du cuivre patiné. The society’s chief executive, Wayne Pacelle, told me the conference signaled the beginning of a new era for his organization, which until recently has been focused on what he calls “more obvious” forms of animal cruelty. I asked Chambers what she liked most about the look of a bulldog. They have little tiny nostrils. . Though the genetic origin of the bulldog is debated, most believe that bull-baiting dogs of that era were descended from a mastiff-type dog. member who left the organization after the two bulldogs he purchased from respected show breeders had extensive health problems and died (one at 5, the other at 9). At one time, the breed was used in the grueling sport of bull baiting. Brenda Bonnett, a consulting veterinary epidemiologist and a speaker at the conference, outlined the results of her study of Swedish dog-insurance data from 1995 to 2006. Peterson also said the A.K.C. PETA wrote a letter to Georgia’s athletic director asking him to use an “animatronic dog” or to rely solely on the school’s costumed bulldog mascot. A few minutes before halftime, Seiler’s adult son, Charles, led the dog off the field by a leash to a waiting golf cart. This is the American Bulldog, a breed that almost literally came back from the dead to become widely popular as both a working dog and a family pet. Many breeds of dog become popular because they have one or two distinct characteristics that people admire and appreciate. The last time a bulldog won best in show at Westminster was 1955, and it has been nearly 30 years since a bulldog made it out of the group competition, which pits it against other nonsporting yet decidedly higher-brow breeds — including what may be the bulldog’s aesthetic opposite, the poodle. “We’ve shortened the face of this breed so much,” he explained, “that there’s just not enough space for everything to fit. Serpell says that our human tendency toward anthropomorphic selection — which he defines as “selection in favor of physical and behavioral traits that facilitate the attribution of human mental states to animals” — is partly responsible for the modern bulldog’s predicament. But Uga VII’s celebrity life would be short-lived. “If you change the look of this dog, it’s not going to look like a bulldog,” she countered. ), In an essay in the anthology “Thinking With Animals: New Perspectives on Anthropomorphism,” Serpell wrote that “if bulldogs were the product of genetic engineering by agripharmaceutical corporations, there would be protest demonstrations throughout the Western world, and rightly so.
Jambon De Bayonne Origine,
Classement Ecole De Lair,
Horaire Bus 1 Versailles Université,
Achat Immobilier Villiers-sur-orge,
Recette Pour Recevoir Chic,
Consterné 6 Lettres,